France signaled that the 21st century space race is shifting to a new, potentially more dangerous phase with an unprecedented program of investment to protect critical infrastructure from aggressors.

While the sums of money that France and its European allies are spending to upgrade their satellites and space technology are trifling compared with outlay by the US and China, the shift shows mounting concern about the creeping militarization of the Earth’s outer atmosphere.

“This sort of behavior carries the seeds of the conflicts of tomorrow,” Parly said Friday in a speech at the French National Space Agency’s headquarters in Toulouse. “We are in danger.”

New Space Race

France wants to develop independent space capabilities due to the new military threats brought by China and Russia and tensions with the US, the traditional guarantor of European security.

The government will order a series of new satellites to provide surveillance and communications for the army and the intelligence services and also to beef up the technological prowess of its manufacturers including Thales and Airbus. The EU plans to earmark 16 billion euros ($19 billion) in its 2021-2027 budget for space, with most going to the the military and civilian satellite navigation system Galileo.

France plans to spend 2 billion euros next year, an official said. Officials in Paris are also seeking to work with Germany to help companies invest in innovative and disruptive space projects in a bid to catch up both financially and technologically with China and the US.

Alarm Bells

Europe has watched with alarm as its main ally revives the Cold-War era space rhetoric, with an explicitly military goal. In March, US President Donald Trump said he wanted to created an American “Space Force.” He wants Congress to allocate $8 billion over the next five years for space security systems, Vice President Mike Pence said, calling for an “American dominance in space.”

Despite an international treaty signed in 1967 that prohibits the placement of weapons of mass destruction in space or the moon, the agreement doesn’t bar the use of conventional weapons in orbit.

The US move to create a space force comes after Pentagon Secretary Jim Mattis initially pushed back on the idea. But the initiative has gained momentum and Mattis last month said the US recognized the threat posed by other nations in space.

“Space is one of our vital national interests,” Mattis said August 9.

Top Secret Space Plane

The US already has a space-based military footprint. The sky is teeming with spy satellites and other platforms that support government surveillance, communications, weather forecasting and other activities. The Air Force also has a top-secret aircraft, the X-37B, built by Boeing Co., which orbits the earth for extended periods.

In February, US intelligence services warned that both Russia and China could soon possess destructive space weapons. The two countries have been launching “experimental’’ satellites designed to counter other space infrastructure, the US office of the Director of National Intelligence wrote in the 28-page statement.

“Russia and China continue to publicly and diplomatically promote international agreements on the non-weaponization of space and ‘no first placement’ of weapons in space. However, many classes of weapons would not be addressed by such proposals, allowing them to continue their pursuit of space warfare capabilities while publicly maintaining that space must be a peaceful domain,” the report said.

Satellite Aggression

The French military was given a first-hand taste of how the contest for control of space might initially play out last year when Russia’s Louch-Olymp satellite approached a French-Italian orbiter. The maneuver was so unusual and so close the craft was most likely trying to intercept French communications, Parly said.

“We know for a fact that other great space powers are putting some intriguing objects into orbit, testing potentially offensive capabilities, conducting maneuvers that leave little doubt about their aggressive motives,” Parly said. “The stakes are high. This is an absolute priority.”